lunedì 25 novembre 2013

2001italia PUNTO it (DOT it)

Carissimi, come avete visto ho deciso di registrare e spostare il blog all'indirizzo www.2001italia.it

Poiché il prossimo febbraio incombe il 50esimo anniversario della nascita del nostro film preferito (Stanley Kubrick e Roger Caras si incontrarono nel febbraio del 1964 e Caras fece per la prima volta al regista il nome di Arthur C. Clarke come possibile collaboratore per un film di fantascienza), ho deciso che era il momento che il blog, per l'occasione, facesse il primo di (speriamo) diversi salti di qualità.

Quello del prossimo febbraio è solo il primo di una sfilza di anniversari che culmineranno, il 2 aprile del 2018, con le "nozze d'oro" con il film (la sua prima proiezione pubblica); nei prossimi anni sono previsti diversi libri con materiale inedito sul film e su Stanley Kubrick, e ci sarà sicuramente una grande copertura mediatica dell'avvenimento.

Ho intenzione di introdurre, lentamente ma inesorabilmente, diverse novità che vadano ad arricchire il sito, con l'intenzione di renderlo il più possibile completo sia per il navigatore casuale sia per il fan accanito.

Tutti i suggerimenti, richieste e offerte di collaborazione sono le benvenute.

Rimanete sintonizzati: ci aspettano tempi interessanti!

* * *

As you can see, I moved the blog to the address www.2001italia.it.

Next february, our favourite movie will approach the 50th anniversary of its inception (the early 1964 meeting between Stanley Kubrick and Roger Caras; Kubrick's subsequent letter to Arthur C. Clarke; ....); I therefore felt that it's time, for the blog, to move a step beyond. 

As in the coming years, leading to the actual Golden Anniversary of the release of the movie (April 2, 2018), as fans we'll have the chance to read new books about the movie and - surely - a lot of media coverage of the event, slowly but steadily I'll introduce new features, contents and partnerships in order to produce as much original material as possible and make the site more interesting for the casual fan as well as for the die-hard 2001 aficionado.

All the input, requests and possible collaboration offerings are welcome.

Stay tuned: we're heading for interesting times!

venerdì 22 novembre 2013

"As if the clouds were actually moving": Gino Pellegrini, an italian artist on the set of '2001'

Sixteen years ago, three young italian moviemakers started a foolish endeavour: The Stanley & Us Project, an indipendent documentary about Stanley Kubrick. They began shooting in 1997, and some of their amazing work is now available on Vimeo and Youtube, a really unmissable viewing, required for every Kubrick fan.

Kubrick himself was aware of their work: Julian Senior (then Vice president of publicity at Warner Bros) told him about their attempts to reach him, and he reportedly said "Let's see what happens". Despite the untimely death of the director in 1999 the final result, two years later, included interviews to more than 30 collaborators, friends and relatives, many shootings on the Kubrick’s movie locations and a huge collection of documentation material, such as photos and screenplays.


In the very same year 2001, I found out - to my surprise - that a few kilometers from my hometown there was an artist that actually worked on 2001. I immediatly passed on the info to one of the authors of Stanley & Us, Federico Greco, who managed to contact him for a short interview that I publish here in english for the first time, thanks to Federico. 


Gino Pellegrini, Painter Of Clouds


July 21, 2001 - by Federico Greco, special thanks to Simone Odino

Gino Pellegrini, art director and production designer, was born in Lugo di Vicenza (Italy) in 1941. In 1957 he moved to the States to study Architecture at UCLA and obtained, at the Art Center School of Los Angeles, a Master Degree in Fine Arts. After a spell as poster designer for the Pacific Out-Doors Advertising, Gino started working in the movie industry as sketch designer, set painter, set designer assistant, set designer, on movies such as West Side Story, The Birds, Hello Dolly, Mary Poppins. In 1966 he had the incredible privilege to be on the set of 2001. He didn't know he was working in one of the landmark of movie history; nevertheless, still today he exudes an aura of openness and humility matched only by his wisdom.

We asked for an interview for our Stanley and us Project, but he politely declined stating with kubrickian discretion that he'd rather stay in the background. He agreed to answer a few questions on the phone.

* * *

What was your role in the movie?

I worked under Harry Lange, officially credited as production designer, and the other two art directors, that where actually NASA scientists, Tony Masters e Ernie Archer. (Translator note: probably Gino is referring to Fred Ordway?). 

Some consider Tony Masters to be a real 'coauthor' of the movie, together with Kubrick, because he supervised the whole art direction and look of the movie, expecially as far as the Orion Shuttle was concerned.

What were your actual duties?

Some details of the set design: I had to paint - over and over - the clouds for the Earth model as seen from the Space Station. It was a 4 feet model. For every shot Kubrick wanted the look to be different, as if the clouds were actually moving.

 One of the paintings used to depict Earth on 2001, possibly one of those painted by Gino.
(Source: Douglas Trumbull's web site)

An example of his incredible preciseness...  

Yes. Another work I did was on the opening sequence, the Dawn of Man.

That is...?

As you know Kubrick wanted to shoot that scene with a front projection system, which means with large slides projected on a white background, depicting desertic scenes of life on Earth as it was thought to look like millions of years ago. On the set there were also a few wooden boulders which were meant to give a sense of depth. For example, in the leopard scene, the large boulder beneath the animal was a wooden prop built on purpose, in order to conceal the leash used to restrain the leopard. The leash was cancelled later optically. For that shot I also helped build some bushes.

 The glowing eyes of the leopard in 2001 (blu-ray capture)

The leopard's eyes were the only weak point of that incredible shot, made with a system called Sinar, a front projection system (the rear projection was the most used at the time) that used 8x10 inches transparencies on a 110-feet-wide screen covered by 3M reflective material. (Translator's note: That's why the eyes of the leopard glow when they are in line with the projector: a tissue in the eye of many vertebrates reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors, contributing to the superior night vision of the animal.)

To understand the level of Kubrick's perfectionism, here's another example from Gino:

"Designers couldn't work fast enough. Kubrick was convinced his crew was spending most of the time drinking tea and chatting, and seriously considered the idea of installing a CCTV monitoring system in order to control them - until the most informed workers advised him against a move that would have caused an instant strike".

Gino Pellegrini lives today in Monte S.Pietro (Bologna). If you want a taste of his amazing talents as artist, and figure out how he ended up working for the most demaning director in movie history, visit the following web sites. You'll understand.

2009: once again, Gino paints the earth during a workshop in a local school
(Special Thanks to mariagiulia-alemanno.com for the picture)

More works by Gino Pellegrini:
http://www.ilportoritrovato.net/html/Gino%20Pellegrini%20la%20Piazzetta%20degli%20Inganni.htm
http://ravennanotizie.it/main/index.php?id_pag=112&id_blog_post=48972
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEQ1n9xYzwo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9iVGlL4hbs
http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/Italy/Emilia-Romagna/Bologna/San_Giovanni_in_Persiceto/photo657579.htm
http://www.amerigo1934.it/content/show/section/pellegrini

lunedì 18 novembre 2013

Reflections



“For I do not exist: there exist but the thousands of mirrors that reflect me. With every acquaintance I make, the population of phantoms resembling me increases. Somewhere they live, somewhere they multiply. I alone do not exist.” ― Vladimir Nabokov (image sources: 1, 2, 3)

mercoledì 6 novembre 2013

The Star Gate (A Space Odessy) : a Stanley Kubrick production

Yes, the title of this post is wrong. And yes, there is a spelling mistake.

What is even more surprising is that The Star Gate was a tentative title for 2001: A Space Odyssey, and it was only one of the many titles Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke considered for their sci-fi project.

Let's start with Anthony Frewin, Kubrick's aide since 2001, and his recollections about the director's habits in choosing titles for his movies. It comes from a longer (and incredibly informative) article about "SK's titles waiting for a script" included in the essential Taschen's book The Stanley Kubrick Archives.
To ask if a film's title was important to SK is like inquiring if the doctrines of the church are important to the Pope. The title was vitally important, and sometimes it seemed that SK was devoting as much time and energy in getting the title right as he was on finishing the script itself.
He figured that the first thing anyone saw or heard of a film was its title and, reasoning that there was non second chance to make a first impression, it had to grab them by the lapels there and then.
"Think of it this way. You pick up a listings magazine and there's a page, maybe two, maybe more, of fim titles - three columns on every page in eye-busting 5pt type. You've got to grab the audience then!"
So, what were the ingredients of a good title? SK argued that it had to suggest something of the film and yet not give too much away. It had to be intriguing, memorable, and short. And it had to have those x-factor poetics that made it different, but not too different that it went off the Richter Schale (and into the art house circuit).
Like all rules, these were made to be broken, but SK thought that these were the guidelines that should be adhered to whenever possible.

1. The New Frontier


The most famous temporary title that Kubrick and Clarke adopted to refer to their sci-fi project, appearing first in Jerome Agel's 1972 book The Making of Kubrick's 2001was How the Solar System Was Won, a joke based, probably, upon the 1962 MGM super-production How the west was won. The forty-somethings may remember the namesake TV series of the late seventies: it was actually loosely based on this movie.

Kubrick and Clarke probably meant to honour the Frontier theme and the challenge that the newly-born United States of the 19th Century met in its "expansion" to the West; in its "conquest of the Solar System" mankind was now to face another challenge, in chasing the "New Frontier" that President John F. Kennedy evoked in his famous Rice University speech in the same year 1962:
What was once the furthest outpost on the old frontier of the West will be the furthest outpost on the new frontier of science and space [...]
 President Kennedy at Rice University, 1962 (Source)

The now iconic speech ("We choose to go to the moon...") became even more relevant a few years later, after the tragic death of the President. Some historians even go as far as to say that Project Apollo, once considered as a "moondoggle", became - after Dallas - a shrine to the President who inspired it, and was thus able to survive political opposition and the progressive detachment of public opinion following the Apollo I accident of January 1967, in which three astronauts died as a consequence of a fire during a launch pad test.

So, when Kubrick & Clarke, in 1964, set out to write a movie that wanted to depict with sense of awe and wonder - while being as scientifically accurate as possible - the exploration of space, they naturally opted for the Western "paradigm", as it was culturally dominant at the time.

It is to be said that the title was not ever considered as definitive: in The Making of Kubrick's 2001 the director recalls (p.138)
"'How the Solar System was won' was never a title that was considered".
and Clarke:
"[It] was our private title. It was exactly what we tried to show.""
How the West Was Won, 1962 (Source)

But there were other, more matter-of-fact reasons for the authors' fascination with the West. As you can tell by the unusual curve of the movie screen in the picture above, How the West Was Won was shot in Cinerama, a widescreen process that, originally, simultaneously projected images from three synchronized 35 mm. projectors onto a huge, deeply curved screen.

Cinerama was the first of a number of novel processes introduced during the 1950s, when the movie industry was reacting to competition from television. Cinerama movies were presented to the public as theatrical events, with reserved seating and printed programs, and audience members often dressed in best attire for the evening. This was the same plan MGM and Kubrick wanted to follow for the release and distribution of 2001, as the movie was conceived as part of a production/distribution deal between MGM and Cinerama Releasing corporation.

From 'Cinerama Holiday' Souvenir Book, 1955 (Source)

Most important was the fact that 'How the West Was Won' was a massive commercial success: produced on a large budget of $15 million, it grossed $46,500,000 at the North American box office, making it the second highest grossing film of 1963 (in comparison, 2001 started production with a $6 million budget, that was ultimately raised to $10,5 millions).

Plans changed after several production problems arose (among which distortion problems with the 3-strip system), and following the advice of special photographic effects supervisor Douglas Trumbull and film editor Bob Gaffney, 2001 was shot in Super Panavision 70, a format which uses a single-strip 65 mm negative.

It is important to remember that, quoting from the excellent website in70mm.com
with rare exception, post-1963 Cinerama was Cinerama in name-only. Post-’63 Cinerama is recognized to be single-strip 70mm, not the original 35mm/six-perf three-strip format. 
So the same economical and technical considerations made for 2001 basically limited the future success of the three-camera Cinerama experiment to a very small amount of productions.

2. A 'Universe' of coincidences


In strict chronological order, however, the very first working title that the duo adopted for their science fiction effort was Project: Space; that is the title that appears in a "movie outline" manuscript conserved at the Kubrick Archive in London and that carries the date July, 1964. The document, not long enough to be considered a treatment, let alone a script, was conceived, as Clarke explained in a 1986 interview,
[as] a way of getting in a whole novel in about six pages, having all of the fun but none of the work.
Clarke used also to refer ironically to the movie as "the son of Dr.Strangelove": Kubrick's dark comedy debuted in January 1964, only three months before the first meeting between the director and the writer, and casted a shadow over the whole project that followed it, in a more significant way than usually considered (see for example Peter Kramer's excellent book 2001: a space odyssey, BFI Film Classics, where we find out that a prologue featuring aliens was to be included in Dr. Strangelove).

In that summer of 1964, the "movie outline" document evolved to the size of a short story now called Across the sea of stars. The "maritime" metaphor,  again, had been already used by President Kennedy in the aforementioned 1962 speech, when he called space "this new ocean" (This "sea" concept will came back in a later stage of the 2001 development; more about that later in the next chapter):
We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own.
Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man, and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war.
In the remaining weeks of 1964 Kubrick and Clarke quickly went through a list of more titles: in The Lost Worlds of 2001, Clarke recalls that the other that were considered were Universe, Tunnel to the Stars and Planetfall.

The first, Universe, was probably meant to be an explicit homage to the 1960 documentary from the National Film Board of Canada that Kubrick saw while in pre-production.

'Universe' poster, 1960 (Unknown source)

Universe was nominated for an Oscar and won not only the Jury Prize for Animation at the Cannes Film Festival, but more than 20 other major awards. This 26-minute masterpiece, directed by Roman Kroitor and Colin Low, featured animations of the stars and the planets to such a level of precision and realism that Kubrick contacted the directors for a job. The duo was not available because of previous arrangements, but the narrator of the documentary Douglas Rain ended up being the voice of HAL, and Wally Gentleman, animator and special effects expert, did optical effects for 2001.

This fact alone would be enough to make Universe a very significant name in the Kubrick-Clarke space-time continuum: on top of all that, Parker Brothers used the same name to launch a Pentomino board game in late 1966 (in advance on the release date of the movie, April 1968). Its theme was based on an outtake scene from 2001 in which Dave Bowman is playing a two-player pentomino game against HAL (as you may remember, the movie in its final form shows instead Frank Poole playing chess against the computer).

Universe boardgame box, 1966 (Source)

Bowman playing pentominoes vs.Hal. (source)

A detailed study of the whole marketing and tie-in program conceived for 2001 would fill an entire book, as it was ground-breaking and innovative in its own; anyway, Parker Bros. was, most definitely, not happy with the scene being cut. For your amusement, here's a PDF file with the original instructions, courtesy of Hasbro that now holds the copyright of the thing, and another PDF with a longer analysis of the game.

About the last title of the trio considered, Planetfall, it is fun to note that it became a space-based videogame in 1983 and, eventually - in 2005 -  a sci-fi movie. It's a term used mainly in science fiction, meaning a landing or arrival on a planet after a journey through space.

And that brings us to...

3. From 'Journey' to 'Odyssey': space myth-making


When the time came to submit to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the tentative script, in order to guarantee the financing for the actual movie, Kubrick and Clarke opted out for a sci-fi-sounding title that kept an adventurous tinge, with an explicit connection to space.

Here is the official press statement issued on February 22, 1965 by MGM, taken from Variety Magazine: Stanley Kubrick's new project after Dr. Strangelove was to be known as Journey Beyond The Stars.

the original press statement for Journey Beyond The Stars (Source)

A 15-minute 70 mm. space documentary called Journey to the stars had already been shown at the Seattle World Fair in 1962; there is ample evidence, in the Kubrick Archive in London, showing that the director was aware of it and was interested in the camera techniques used to depict space and project it on a large screen. That "Journey" ended up being seen by seven millions visitors of the Fair (learn more about that groundbreaking documentary from this vintage newspaper article).


The special cinerama camera, equipped with a 0.9-inch, f/2.2 inverted telephoto lens used in photographing 1962's "Journey To The Stars" (source)

* * *

In a New Yorker interview given to Jeremy Bernstein in April 1965, Kubrick and Clarke went on to explain the hidden meaning in that "Journey" title. In that word lied an element of the other paradigm that the duo was exploring: the mythological element of a story set in space. As Kubrick himself said in that interview,
About the best we’ve been able to come up with is a space Odyssey–comparable in some ways to Homer’s Odyssey. [...] It occurred to us that for the Greeks the vast stretches of the sea must have had the same sort of mystery and remoteness that space has for our generation, and that the far-flung islands Homer’s wonderful characters visited were no less remote to them that the planets our spacemen will soon be landing on are to us. Journey also shares with the Odyssey a concern for wandering, and adventure.
Two previous entries from Clarke's diary for 1964, right at the beginning of the production, were already pointing to the growing "myth-making" intentions of the director:
July 28. Stanley: "What we want is a smashing theme of mythic grandeur."
September 26. Stanley gave me Joseph Campbell's analysis of the myth "The Hero with a Thousand Faces" to study. Very stimulating.
In fact, in his 1973 essay The Myth of 2001 Clarke states clearly that
It is true that we set out with the deliberate intention of creating a myth. (The Odyssean parallel was clear in our minds from the very beginning, long before the title of the film was chosen.) A myth has many elements, including the religious ones.
The so-called "Hero's Journey" (or Monomyth) is one of the oldest archetypes in  literature and storytelling; a story structure that seems to have occurred in many of the major myths and religions throughout human history - Homer's Odyssey as the most famous - as first theorized, in the late 1940s, by the famous mythology professor Joseph Campbell. As an analysis of its importance in the making of 2001 would go beyond the scope of the present post, I would like to state that 2001 is often used by scholars as an example (along with Star Wars), albeit bizarrely structured, of the use of this classic story.

Neither the director nor the writer, anyway, were satisfied with Journey Beyond The Stars, as Clarke recalled in The Lost Worlds of 2001:
I never liked this, because there had been far too many science-fictional journeys and voyages. (Indeed, the innerspace epic Fantastic Voyage, featuring Raquel Welch and a supporting cast of ten thousand blood corpuscles, was also going into production about this time).
We're catching up, at last, with the title of this post. In a cover of a script still titled Journey Beyond The Stars, therefore presumably dated 1965, that appeared in the book The Stanley Kubrick Archives, Kubrick himself (his handwriting is easily recognizable) jotted down some more tentative titles: Earth Escape, Jupiter Window, the evocative Farewell to Earth (obviously reminiscent of Hemingways' Farewell to Arms, it is also the title of one of the many tentative scripts abandoned by Clarke and reprinted in The lost worlds of 2001); in the center of the page, a title with a subheading: The Star Gate / A Space Odessy (sic). 


Kubrick was probably trying to convey in a simple title the epical subtext of the adventure that his Odysseus, Dave Bowman, was about to undertake (at the end, citing explicitly The Odyssey, he went back to the original source of inspiration). In these abandoned titles we also find a significant departure from the concept of "conquest" as in the West: Man must abandon ('escape') Earth not for the sake of conquest or possession, but rather in order to gain a sense of one's existence, both personally and as a species.

I also like to think thath the inclusion of the 'Star Gate' might be a reference to the monolith, the Jungian archetype Kubrick referred to it in a 1970 interview - Campbell himself was inspired by Jung and his concept of 'collective unconcious' - that in the movie appears with the function of symbolic 'threshold' that the Hero must cross in order to accomplish his journey and return home.

At last, the director concludes his personal 'naming odyssey' with the definitive title that we all know today (in the uppermost left corner of the picture above), using the symbolic date of the first year of the new century, followed by the correct spelling of the subheading. The use of the conjunction "a" is, to me, a nod to the 'other' Odyssey: Kubrick's journey belonged to space as Homer's to the sea.

We leave the conclusion to Arhur C. Clarke, again from The Lost Worlds of 2001:
It was not until eleven months after we started -- April 1965 -- that Stanley selected 2001: A Space Odyssey. As far as I can recall, it was entirely his idea.
* * *

The article has been updated since its original inception, with the inclusion of Mr.Frewins' remarks about Kubrick's guidelines in choosing a title. Read more: Kubrick brainstorms subtitles for Dr. Strangelove